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Cyprus is the third largest island in Mediterranean following Sicily and Sardinia islands. Cyprus is located between latitudes 30.33 and 35.41 and longitudes 32.23 and 34.55. With its capital city being Nicosia, population of TRNC according to 2007 data is approximately 275,000.
Turkey is situated on the north of North Cyprus at a distance of 65 km, Syria, Israel and Lebanon are situated on the east at a distance of 112 km, 267 km and 162 km respectively; South Cyprus is situated on the south along with Egypt which is at a distance of 418 km; and Greece is situated on the west at a distance of 965 km.
Total surface are of TRNC is 3355 km2 which is equivalent to the one-third of the island. Almost half of the island’s coastal line is within the borders of TRNC.
20% of the cultivated fertile land which is at the rate of 45% is irrigated. 20% of entire land of TRNC is forest land and an intensive forestation is still going on.
Climate of Cyprus is typical Mediterranean climate and has lengthy and dry summer seasons and short and rainy winter seasons. Annual average temperature is 19°C (66°F). Temperature in during summer is around 40ºC (105ºF). The weather is very mild during winter and annual average precipitation is 500 mm.
General flora of Cyprus consists of pinaceae which don’t defoliate, citrus trees, olive trees, macquis, defoliating trees, shrubs, trees and bushes and several flower species.
Unique Mediterranean climate of Cyprus is an important factor in creating its natural wealth. The most common forest tree varieties are pine, cypress, oak and eucalyptus which was planted on the island later. In addition to citrus trees such as orange, Seville orange, lemon, tangerine, grapefruit; also watermelon, some vegetables, olives and locust bean trees are planted. Vegetation is ideal for animal breeding (goats and sheep).
Cyprus is rich in animal species by housing both local animals and animals that migrate between continents. Cyprus is a stopover and egg laying area of birds between Africa and Eastern Europe due to its geographical location. 7 of the 350 species living on the island are endemic. Also, 26 different reptiles and amphibian species are living.
Unique coasts of Northern Cyprus are also ideal spawning centers in Mediterranean for caretta caretta and chelonia mydas turtles which are facing extinction.
Karpaz National Park accommodates about 250 wild donkeys living freely.

Some historians argue that the first habitants of the island were from Europe and some argue that they were from Asia. Cyprus was ruled by many civilizations from Hittites to Egyptians and Ancient Greece. It was taken by Romans in BC 58 and was controlled by the Roman Empire for 350 years. It became a part of Byzantine Empire in AD 395 and gradually shifted to Orthodox Christianity from idolatry. In 1191 Richard the Lionheart settled on the island during crusades and then sold the island to Templar Knights. In 1192 Guy de Lusignan was allowed to buy the island. Cyprus remained under control of Lusignans until Venetians took over the island in 1489.

Ottoman has conquered the island in 1571 and has ruled the island until 1878 when the island was hired by Britain as per a defense agreement made between Britain and Ottoman Empire. When Ottoman Empire took part in the First World War with Germany, Cyprus was annexed by Britain and became a British Colony.

In 1960 Cypriot Turks and Greeks established Republic of Cyprus. However, when the Greeks attempted to change the constitutional law unilaterally in 1963 an intersocial conflict broke out and Cypriot Turks were expelled from Republic of Cyprus. A total of 103 Cypriot Turk villages were forced to evacuate and Cypriot Turks were forced to live in enclaves which consist 3 percent of the island.
Upon the military coup supported by Greece in 1974 for the purpose of making the island the land of Greece, Turkey intervened to the island. Upon the military intervention north side where the Cypriot Turks were living and south side where Cypriot Greeks were living was divided into two. In 1975, Cypriot Turkish Federal State was established.

In 1983 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was established.
In April 2003 passage point between north and south were opened after 30 years. On April 24th, 2004 Cypriot Turks accepted Annan’s plan for uniting the island. However, Cypriot Greeks rejected the plan. On May 1st, 2004 Greek side entered the European Union under name of Republic of Cyprus by representing the entire island.

Soli Ruins
Findings concerning Soli from BC 700’s were revealed. The city is known to preserve its strategic position due to its harbor and nearby copper mines. In BC 498, together with other kingdoms on the island, Soli rebelled against Persians who ruled Cyprus and was defeated. After this event, for controlling Soli, Vouni palace was built near the city by Doxandros of Marion who was a king supporting Persia. The brightest era of Soli was Roman period. Arabic raids occurred in 7th century brought the end of the city.
In the explorations golden and silver jewelry, a marble Aphrodite statue built in BC 1st century, a relief from BC 200 portraying the battle against Amazons. Also, again from the same era, ruins of the street with columns going to Agora and a monumental marble fountain were discovered. Fresh water resources, fertile lands, harbor, copper mines, abundant wood reserve shows that Soli is possibly not the first settlement established here and archaeological excavations discovered the signs of a settlement established in BC 11th century.
Soli Basilica:
The basilica is known to be built in the 2nd half of 4th century and was one of the first churches built in Cyprus. It was expanded in 5th and 6th centuries it was destroyed in the Arabic raid. Having a gate with three doors, the church is covered with columns on four sides and has a courtyard with a fountain in it. After the courtyard there is another gate with three doors at the entry of the church. There are twelve columns per each of the two rows inside. Most of the mosaics which generally have geometrical patterns and animal figures were able to reach today. In the Christian world Soli is believed to be the place where St. Mark was baptized by St. Auxibius.
Soli Roman Theater:
The theater was build on the seaside of a hill in the period between BC 2nd century and 3rd century in the place of an ancient Greek theater located at the same place. The semicircular section where the audience sits was carved on the rocky section of the hill. With this section chorus section in the center is separated with a low wall built from limestone, and entry to chorus section and seats is made through passages on the sides. Actual capacity of the theater is 4000 people and it has two storey stage building. This section is decorated with marble and statues. On a hill towards the west of the theater signs of a temple dedicated to Aphrodite were explored.
Vouni Palace
Was built to control the settlements of supporters of Greece (Soli City) in 5th century by the king of Marion city, Doxandros of Marion who was supporting Persia. The Palace has 137 rooms and administrative departments, bedrooms, storerooms, bathhouse and offices. When the Persian reign was ruled out by Greek reign in BC 449 the Palace lost its function. The palace was able to withstand a total period of seventy years and was destroyed by Soli citizens in BC 380 and was never renovated again. Water demand of the palace was met by rainwater collecting in the reservoirs carved in the rocks. In some of the storerooms that were used to store supplies, pits to place amphora can be seen. Bathhouses are one of the oldest samples of hot bathhouses. In the excavations, items named as “Vouni Treasure” were found in a earthen pot which went black due to the fire that destroyed the palace. Among them there are golden and silver bracelets, decorated silver cups, hundreds of coins bearing the seals of Marion, Kition, Lapithos and Paphos cities. Archaeologists have discovered signs of Pre-Neolitic period settlement on Petra tou Limniti island which can be seen from Vouni. On the south of the palace, signs of an Athena temple built by the end of BC 5th century, were discovered. In the temple which had two courtyards and enclosed sacred area, pits where the statues were placed in are apparent. Sections of Vouni include entry, royal rooms, courtyard with columns, kitchen courtyard, cistern, supply storerooms, bathhouses, living rooms and offices.

Kyrenia Gate:
One of the 3 gates located on the walls surrounding the old city is Kyrenia gate located on the north as one of the most important entry exit points of the city. Known as ” Del Proveditore Gate” as influenced by the name of architect Proveditore Francesco Barbaro, the gate was renovated by Turks in 1821 and added a room with dome on its top. Verses from Koran are inscribed on the epigraph of the gate. North face of the gate bears the signature of Mahmut II (1820). British cannons in front of the gate brought to defend Acre against Napoleon were later captured by Turks.
Selimiye Mosque (St.Sophia Cathedral):
It is accepted as the biggest and the most spectacular place of worship and the most important Gothic work of art in Cyprus. It is believed to settle on a Byzantine church named Hagia Sophia located on the same area. Its construction was commenced in 1208 by Latin Archbishop Eustorge de Mantaigu and the cathedral was blessed and became open to prayer in 1326. Since it was the most important church in Cyprus, coronation of Lusignan kings were organized there. The cathedral was plundered by Genoesens in 1373 and by Memluks in 1426 and damaged by several earthquakes. Due to earthquakes in 1491, Eastern part of the Cathedral was destroyed and while it was being repaired by Venetians, tomb of a former Lusignan king (2nd Hugh) was discovered.
There was a golden crown on the head of the corpse which remained unbroken and items and documents were found on the body. Built by French architects and masters, the cathedral is a fine piece of Middle Age French architecture. Cathedral starts with a monumental gate. Engraved stone windows on the gate are unique pieces of Gothic art. Ottomans has built mosque minarets on unfinished bell towers located on two sides of the entry.
Cathedral contains three aisles and six side sections. It has smaller prayer rooms inside. Northern one is dedicated to St. Nicholas’a (Santa Claus), and southern ones were dedicated to Mary Ana and St.Thomas Aquinas. Part of the mosque which is known as women’s section was used as treasure house in the past. Many Lusignan nobles and kings are buried in Sophia. Their marble tombstones still form a part of the flooring. Since these stones were preserved under carpets and rugs and no shoes were worn in the mosque, inscriptions and figures remained without being impaired.
Bedesten Bazaar:
Was built as a Byzantine church in 12th century. (St.Nicholas Church). Later they were expanded by making some Gothic additions. Given to the Greek Orthodox Metropolis upon some new changes in the Venetian period, the building has a hybrid quality with different architectural styles. It was used mostly as a marketplace and storehouse where textile items were being sold during the Ottoman period. Stonework on the Northern gate is alike the Cathedral of St.Sophia.
Lapidary Museum
Lapidary Museum located on the east of Selimiye Mosque was built in 15th century and is a Venetian style building. It houses many works of art from middle age until now (emblems, marble works, sarcophagus).grave
The majestic window across the entry gate with spectacular stone decoration was located in the Sarayönü square in the past and was brought from Lusignan palace which was destroyed in the British period. Tomb of Dampierre family and tombstone of Adam of Antioch who was the Marshall of Cyprus in 13th century, can be mentioned as most eye catching works of art. Also a St.Mark Lion is one of the works of art located in the courtyard.
Obelisk of Venice (Atatürk Square)
Obelisk of Venice on Atatürk Square was erected in 1550 by Venetians. In the past, lion of St. Mark was located on it. Ottomans moved the obelisk and placed it on the courtyard of Sarayönü Mosque. British placed the obelisk which is 6 m high to its current position in 1915. Made of solid silver color granite, the obelisk is believed to come from a temple located in Salamis. Emblems of 6 Italian families are on the bottom part of the obelisk.
Copper sphere on the obelisk was added afterwards. Buildings on the west side of Atatürk Square (Government Departments) have a special image since they were built in British Colonization period. There is a fountain on the eastern side of the buildings. Additionally, there is a platform built for acceding of Queen Elizabeth in 1953. Bearing the emblem of Britain on it, Governor of Britain announced that the Queen acceded.
Nicosia Walls
In the period when Turks were about to capture Cyprus Venetians started to build new walls in 1567 in the place of old Lusignan walls around the city for defending the city of Nicosia. An infamous Venetian engineer Guilio Savorgnano planned the walls. Having a circular circumference of 3 miles, on this wall there were 11 bastions each like a fortress and 3 gates. Walls were thick soil walls with stone masonry. Names of the gates in the walls were “Porta Del Proveditore – Kyrenia Gate-” on the north and “Porta Guiliana- Magosa Gate” on the south and “Porta Domenico – Baf Gate” on the west. Venetians demolished houses, palaces, monasteries and churches outside of a sphere of 3 miles to use their stones to build the wall. Names of Frankish nobles and other people who contributed in the construction of the walls were given to the bastions (such as Rochas, Lorendo, Barbaro etc.). Venetians were defeated by Ottomans before completing the walls of Nicosia.
Grand Inn
Grand Inn is the most precise piece among Turkish work in Nicosia in the means of historical and architectural values. It was considered to be built in 1572 by the first Ottoman Governor of the island named Beylerbeyi Muzaffer Pasha. The structure is built on a rectangular plan with two floors and the rooms that are lined around a large courtyard open to a coving with an arch and dome. It is obvious that Grand Inn was built by using stones taken from various structures and places. Similarly, columns that are bearing the prayer room built on marble stones in the middle of the courtyard are possibly taken from another structure. With hexagonal, conical head stone chimneys, this small prayer room with dome is one of the important aspect that complements the Turkish style architecture of the inn. Stores on the ground floor of the inn were used as stores, storage area and office. Rooms with fireplaces with octagonal chimney on the top floor are bedrooms. Despite being similar to the examples in Anatolia it has one unique feature. Although these types of inns and caravansaries had a single main gate, the Grand Inn had another entry.
Derviş Pasha Mansion (Ethnography Museum)
Owner of the two storey mansion which was built in 19th century was Derviş Pasha who published the first Turkish newspaper “Zaman” in Cyprus. The mansion is located in Arap Ahmet locality which has largely preserved the historical environment texture within the walls. Having two entry gates, on the main gate of the mansion hegira 1219 (Christian calendar 1807) date can be read. The mansion consists of two floors and lower floor is masonry and second floor is adobe. Clearly understood to be added afterwards, Christian 1869 year can be read on the decorated ceiling of the main room. The mansion is design in “L” shape and has a large internal courtyard. Lower rooms open to the portico galleries surrounding the inner garden. Upper floor can be reached via a wooden staircase placed on the reservoir in the courtyard and rooms open to a closed hall. At the end of renovation works carried out between 1978 – 1988 the mansion was decided to be utilized as a library, cultural centre or Old Works and Museums Department. One section being designed as main room, bride room, bedroom, dining room and store room, in one part of the mansion items used in daily life were exhibited. Exhibited and designed as “museum-house”, the mansion was opened to visit on March 21st, 1988 as Ethnography Museum.
Grand Bath House
Still operating today, the Grand Bath House was built on the ruins of an old Latin church. Understood to be a Lusignan structure from its Gothic arch structure and masonry walls the name of this structure was “St. George of Latin” church. Another feature of the structure is that the building ground floor being 2 – 3 meters lower than the road.
Sultan Mahmut Library
Was built by Sultan Mahmut II. in 1829, the structure is located near the east gate of Selimiye Mosque. The structure consists of a very large room with dome, and a coving with dome and arch. It is one of the classical Ottoman Mosque and Madrasah architecture examples such as Arab Ahmet Mosque. The library contains about 1700 books and among them there are handwritten Koran and valuable Arabic, Turkish and Persian books.
Mevlevi Convent
Was built in the beginning of 17th century. Since most of the Turks arriving to the island after conquest were from Konya, they wanted to widespread the lifestyle of Mevlana and have established this convent. Mevlevi leaders who have died in time were buried in the back rooms and the place became a tomb. The convent is currently utilized as a museum and Mevlevi clothes, musical instruments and ethnographical items are exhibited.
Haydarpaşa Mosque (St. Catherine Church)
The most remarkable Lusignan structure after St. Sophia is St. Catherine Church – now Haydar Paşa Mosque. – Historian Sir Harry Luke defines it as the most elegant and perfect Gothic building of Cyprus. St. Catherine Church was built in 14th century and was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman domination in the island. Long and narrow Gothic windows are placed between the legs of the building which narrows towards the top. Upper sections of the windows are decorated with geometrical patterns made of plaster. The church has three entries; fine stonemasonry of the east gate designed in Gothic style and relieves of Lusignan emblems on the doorjamb are astonishing. Western gate is larger and has the same architecture; the jamb is decorated with rose and dragon figures. Northern entrance is built on bends and is simpler, this part is decorated with a figure of naked woman holding a fish and relieves with dragon figures. There is a chorus hall, a room for keeping items used in ceremonies, treasure room and a small baptize pond.
Arab Ahmet Mosque
The most remarkable mosque in Nicosia among buildings made by Turks is Arab Ahmet Mosque. Built in 1845, the mosque is built on the location of an old Latin church. There are about 25 tombstones with inscriptions and figures left from Lusignan and Venetian ages in marbles which decorate the mosque. The mosque named as Arab Ahmet Pasha who was one of the generals of the Turkish army during the conquest of Cyprus. It is a beautiful example of Classical Turkish Mosque architecture. It has a coving with arch and has a dome with a diameter of 6 meters. The garden which had old Turkish tombs was preserved until now. It is a special figure of Nicosia city with its fountain, cypresses and old tombs. Among the tombs inside the mosque there is the tomb of Kamil Pasha who was born in Nicosia in 1832 and became grand vizier of Ottoman State 4 times. Kamil Pasha dies in 1913 in Nicosia and buried in the courtyard of the mosque. During 1926 – 1931, Cyprus Governor Sir Ronald Storrs built the tomb of Kamil Pasha in 1927 and placed an epigraph on it in Turkish and English.

Othello Fortress
The fortress was built by Lusignans in14th century. Surrounded with a deep trench, this fortress is one of the main entries of Famagusta city. Under St. Mark lion relief hanging on the gate the name of captain Nicolo Foscari who reshaped the fortress and the date of 1492 can be seen. There are aisles in the fortress ending with towers and artillery batteries. It also has a dining hall and dormitories left by Lusignans. One section of the fortress courtyard contains cannons, iron cannonballs and stone cannonballs from Ottoman and Spanish. Current name of the fortress was started to be used in the British period. One part of Shakespeare’s infamous tragedy takes part in a harbor city of Cyprus. The antagonist of the play, Othello is known to be Moor. The author is believed to be influenced by the name of Christophora Moro who was the governor of the period.
Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque (St. Nicholas Cathedral)
Built between 1298 – 1312 in the Lusignan period, the building is one of the most beautiful structures of the entire Mediterranean world. Kings of Lusignan used to coronate as King of Cyprus at St. Sophia Cathedral in Nicosa at first and as King of Jerusalem at St. Nicholas Cathedral in Famagusta. Until it was turned into a mosque in 1571 these ceremonies were held. Architecture of the west facade of the cathedral is influenced by Reims Cathedral in France. It has a unique window with Gothic style decorations. 16th century Venetian gallery is located in the courtyard and used as fountain today. Venetian emblem can be seen on the circular windows at the entry. It is thought that the relief decorated with several animal figures comes from a temple in Salamis. The apse of the cathedral consists of three sections like in many Cyprus churches and in an eastern style. The upper windows are well preserved and there are two chapels on the west face and side. Historical sycamore tree in front of the building is a rare tropical fig variety found on north of the island.
Proveditore Palace
It is the royal palace built by Venetians on the ruins of the palace which was built by Lusignans in 13th century. The facade which is still intact was built in 16th century and columns found here were brought from Salamis ruins. There is an emblem of Venetian governor Giovanni Renier on the arch in the middle.
Namık Kemal Dungeon
The dungeon which is located in Proveditore Palace has two floors and was built from cut stone. Namık Kemal was imprisoned in this building for 38 months when he was banished to Cyprus in 1873 because of staging his play “Vatan Yahut Silistre”. Consisting of a single area, the lower floor has a door opening to the Proveditore Palace courtyard and a window with bars. Top section can be reached by a steep stone stairway and in this room with two windows, documents regarding Namık Kemal are exhibited.

St.Francis Church
Is a section of the monastery established in 1300s by monks who were members of Franciscan sect. It is located near Del Proveditore Palace. The structure was built with the assistance of king of Cyprus Henry II. It consists of a nave with three sections and a very beautiful chorus section at the end of it.

Greek St.George Church
Its architecture featuring Byzantine and Gothic essences the church was owned by Orthodox society and built in 15th century. The church includes a middle nave having side naves and ends with a triple apse. The ceiling has Gothic vaults. The structure of the building shows that it is a bishopric church. The top section was destroyed during the Ottoman siege in 1571 and cannonball signs can be seen on its walls.
Templar and Hospitaler Church
Templar church which is the largest of the two churches built in 14th century was owned by Templar knights. When Templar chivalry was abolished by the Pope in 1313 the church was left to Hospitaler knights who owned the adjacent building. Today it is renovated and utilized as Cyprus Art Society.
Walls of Famagusta
Lusignan walls surrounding Fagamusa city until 1489 had a very thin structure despite their height. Later, Venetians who took over Cyprus made a revision and brought experts from Venice in 1550s to reinforce the walls against weapons with fire power as a precaution especially for Ottomans. Especially walls on the seaside, Martinengo Bastion and Land Gate were built in this period. Also, a trench with a width of 46 m was built in front of the wall facing outside and filled with water. Built from large stone blocks and having a length of 3 km, the height of these walls were 18 m and width reaches up to 9 m at certain points. The walls contained bastions, gates, ramps, embrasures, armory, storehouse and barns. Towers on the walls were named as follows: – Arsenal (Canbulat) – Mare (Sea Gate Bastion) – Castella (Othello Tower) – Signonia (Halkalı embrasure) – Diamete (Karpaz Bastion) – Mozzo (Şehit Bastion) – Martinengo (Tophane) – Pulacazaro – Moratto – Diocare – Ravelin (Land Gate, Akkule) – Santa Napa (Golden Bastion) – Andurizzi (Water Bastion) – Campo Santa (Halkalı Bastion) and Othello building as an inner castle and Land Gate (Ravelin) and Sea Gate (Porta del Mare) as two original entry gates. Destroyed during conquest of Famagusta by Ottomans, the walls were repaired by Ottomans after the conquest.
Land Gate (Ravelin)
It is one of the city gates that provides access to Famagusta city. Its original name is Ravelin which means “Bastion in the shape of half moon”. Land Gate is the oldest section of the walls other than Othello Fortress. Today bridge entrance is new, in the past a cannon opening near the bastion was used to provide access inside. The original gate is located on the left of the current entrance and equipped with a moving bridge. There is a passage with arches at the section which faces the city. On both sides of this passage there are wall frescos, emblems and a small church. As a result of excavations carried out there passages, cannon platforms and interesting sections and galleries were discovered. On the side of the passage with arches, there are underground chambers which were used as dungeons during Venetian period.
Tophane (Martinengo Bastion)
Was built between 1550 – 1559 by Giovanni Sammichele who was a Venetian architect. It has a triangular design and is one of the most elegant examples of military architecture. In the sections with vaults there were chimneys for discharging gunpowder smoke and providing ventilation and small cells were present on the walls to place gunpowder barrels and cannonballs. Martinengo who was commanding the Venetian forces which were sent as reinforcement to Cyprus to fight against Ottomans was brought to Famagusta when he died on the route. Venetians give his name to this bastion in memory of this respected commander.
Sea Gate (Porta Del Mare)
Is one of the original city gates providing entrance to Famagusta. It is an architectural beauty and was preserved well. It was built by a Venetian named Nicolo Prioli in 1496. Wooden gate covered with iron remained from the era of Turks and iron bar gate remained from the era of Venetians. On the top of the gate emblem of Republic of Venice with a winged lion is engraved on marble, name and emblem of Nicolo Prioli and year of 1496 can be seen. The marble is believed to be brought from Salamis.
Canbulat (Arsenal Bastion)
Canbulat Bey who was Kilis flag officer was recommended to be included in the forces to be organized when conquest of Cyprus was decided. Since he played an important role in the Ottoman conquest of Nicosa, he was appointed with İskender Pasha and Deniz Pasha in the Ottoman army which was surrounding the city of Famagusta in 1570. He was believed to die a martyr at the point where Arsenal bastion was located and his tomb is under this bastion. The building aging by time was reconstructed in 1968 and the front part was turned into a museum. Ethnographical and archaeological works are still being exhibited in the museum.
Kertikli Bath House
It is an Ottoman era building located on the north of the city. This bath house attracts attention with its domes. The structure consists of six rooms top of which are covered with a dome, a water reservoir covered with vault and sections which were believed to be changing rooms with ruined top cover.
Salamis Ancient City
The city was established by tribes coming from Anatolia during migrations starting by the end of Bronze Age and Aka tribe coming from Greece and joining them in Cilicia. Tefkros who was one of the heroes of Troy and son of Salamis island king Telamon was known as the founder of the city. It was understood from the coins which were produced in BC 560 after Assyrian domination that occurred in BC 707 that king of Salamis, Evelthon came to power to govern the island. The campaign organized by Athenian Kimon in BC 499 to end Persian domination was a failure and Athenians gave up taking Cyprus upon death of Kimon. After that Phoenician governors take control, however regression starts in trade and other fields. Evagoras from Tefkros family takes the throne in the kingdom of Salamis in BC 411. When he attempted to take control of the entire island Salamis city as surrounded by Persians and Evagoras was made to pay levy to Persian Empire. This continued to until the period of Alexandria. Pyntagoras who was the king of Salamis during the reign of Alexandria was awarded with the city of Tamusus due to military support he gave to Alexandria. Upon death of Alexandria, rulers of Salamis changed continuously.
Peace was brought to the island when governed by Ptoleme Kingdom which took Cyprus under very difficult conditions in BC 294 and upon this date Salamis became the capital city. This bright period of the city continues during Roman reign too. Most of the remains coming up today belong to the Roman age. Under Roman control the city had comitia curiata, a senate and village council. The city was heavily destroyed by earthquakes in AD 76 and 77 and Jewish insurrection in AD 116. Later the island is connected to Antioch city and since Salamis harbor is the first port of call of Syrian vessels, the city finds relief. The city incurs significant damage due to earthquakes which occurred in AD 232 and 342. After that Byzantine Emperor Constantine rebuilds the city in a smaller plan and names it as Constantine. The city became the capital city of Cyprus by displacing Baf. Later the city was abandoned due to Arabic raids in AD 647 and earthquakes and the people had to migrate to the area which comprises the city of Famagusta today.
Architectural Remains:WALLS AND HARBORS
In addition to the walls located on north, south and west sides of the city presence of a secondary wall surrounding the city center was revealed. Walls surrounding the city centre can be thought to be built against Arabic raids in AD 7th century. The oldest harbor of Salamis city is located on southeast of the city. North and south of this harbor is protected with artificial jetties. The second harbor used in Late Roman period is located on the north of the city. In addition to these two harbors a third harbor used by Demetius is told to exist.
Gymnasium:SPORTS ARENA
As can be understood from the epigraph on the southern entrance, there was a Gymnasium dating back to Hellenistic period, located on the area where Roman Gymnasium was built on today. On the eastern portico, there is an epigraph stating that this area was once used as a garden. Due to destruction occurring because of earthquakes Gymnasium was repaired in the age of Augustus and a south portico was added. Area which is surrounded with chromite head column porticos on four sides has swimming pools on north and south ends and statues around them. Statues located around the northern swimming pool now are from AD 2nd century. Collapsing again in AD 332 and 342 due to earthquakes, Gymnasium was rebuilt by Constantine in the Early Byzantine period as Salamis bath houses.
THEATER
The structure which was located on the south of Gymnasium is possibly built in the period of Augustus. Collapsing due to earthquakes in AD 4th century, stones of the theater were used for building bath houses. Theater contained stage building, orchestra and seats. It has a capacity of 15 thousand people. Stage building was used by performers as a change room and served as background. What is only left from this glorious building decorated with frescos, statues and columns until not is only its foundation. In the middle of orchestra located in the center, an altar dedicated to Dionysus and two platforms with epigraphs dedicated to Marcus Avurelius Commedus and Caesar Constantine, and Caesar Maximianus. Although the seating section has more than 50 rows only a small part of them was able to survive until now. The space in the middle is honor loge. Some of the seating were renovated and rebuilt.
ROMAN VILLA
Was located on the south of the theater. Having two floors, this building consisted of an entrance with columns and internal courtyard and a large living room. Other rooms are located on both sides of the courtyard. During excavations a platform with mosaics and decorated with animal portrayals surrounding a central figure was discovered.
BYZANTINE WATER CISTERN
It was located on southeast of the Roman Villa, shaped like a funnel and consisted of three sections. In one section there were wall pictures and inscriptions from AD 6th century. Main panel which is currently in ruins is decorated with a water stage consisting of birds, fish and aqueous plant and a medallion with Jesus’ head embossed on.
COMPANAPETRA BASILICA
The basilica was built in 4th century. It was surrounded with columns and consists of a courtyard with a water well, middle and side sections. Desk of the bishop and place of priests are located in the middle section. At the back of the apse there is a group of remains which are understood to be the bath house. One of the rooms have a spectacular mosaic flooring.
ST. EPIPHANIOS BASILICA
Known as the biggest basilica of Cyprus, this building was used as Metropolitan church of Salamis in the past. It was known to be built during time of Bishop Epiphanios (368-403). Epiphanios also has a tomb made of marble stone. Basilica was divided into 3 separate sections with two column lines of fourteen. Seats of the bishop and priests were located on the apse. Rooms on both sides of this section were for priests to wear their cassocks and to keep the items used during service. Heating system installed under the floor level of the baptize room shows that warm water was used for baptize during winter months. Remains show that another smaller church was built on the southern part after Arabic invasion in 7th century.
WATER RESERVOIR – VOUTA
Dating back to AD 627-640 (Byzantian Period), water coming from Kythrea via channels was stored in this section. Today remains of the aqueduct can still be seen. It is seen that the feet bearing the ceiling are supported by thick bends coming out of tall walls.
AGORA (Stone Forum / Marketplace)
This structure is located on the south of the water reservoir. Consisting of an empty space in the middle and shops around it, this area is understood to the meeting and shopping center of Salamis. It is understood from a Latin book that it was renovated during the time of Augustus. Porticos with columns on both sides of Agora provided protection against sun and rain. Only one of these is still stands up.
TEMPLE OF ZEUS
Believed to be the main temple of Salamis city, only a small part of this structure was able to survive until now. Located on the south end of Agora, it was possible to reach the temple via a staircase. An epigraph discovered during excavations it is revealed that this temple was dedicated to Zeus Olympios in honor of Livia who was Augustus’ wife.
Royal Tombs
Salamis Necropolis situated on an area of approximately 4 square miles reach to west end of the Salamis forest and St. Barbanas from Enkomi. Since some of the tombs which were discovered had structural figures and rich items they were named as Royal tombs. Their principle architectural features are wide, long and inclined areas located in front of the sepulcher. There, horses drawing the funeral car were sacrificed in the honor of the deceased and pots filled with oil, wine or honey were placed here. Researches show that the tombs were built in BC 8th century and were used until AD 4th century. Rich items were found particularly in tombs numbered 47, 50 and 79. Tomb number 50 among them was also used as a small church dedicated to St. Catherine. Since it is believed that St. Catherine who adopted Christianity was imprisoned here by her uncle who is a governor of Salamis it is also referred to as St. Catherine Prison. In the excavations various pots, earthenware, bronze and ivory items and skeletons of the sacrificed horses were discovered.
Nicocreon Monument
Located in Salamis Necropolis, this monument is thought to be built for the last king of Salamis, Nicocreon. According to the resources, the last king Nicocreon committed suicide rather then surrendering to Ptolemeos and his wife killed her family and committed suicide. In the middle of the platform which can be accessed through gradual stairs a furnace was found together with iron bars, stone and earthen statues of that period. Statues which were made of half fired earth bear the characteristics of the Late Classical Greek sculpture.

Monastery of St. Barnabas
Born in Salamis as the son of a Jewish family, St. Barnabas came back to Cyprus after his education in Jerusalem and started to work with St. Paul in AD 45 to widespread Christianity. For these actions he was killed by his own people and his body was hidden in a marsh to be thrown in the sea. Scholars of St. Barbanas watched the happenings and bury the body in an underground cave on the west of Salamis and placed a copy of the gospel of St. Mathews on his chest. It had been a secret for long years since the location of the body was unknown. 432 years later bishop Anthemios stated that has seen the grave in his dream and requests to open it. When the grave was opened gospel of St. Mathews and St. Barnabas was revealed. After this exploration the bishop went to İstanbul and informed Emperor Zeno and Church of Cyprus became autonomous. The emperor made a donation to build a monastery on the area where the grave was found. The monastery was built in AD 477. The monastery consists of a church, courtyard and rooms located on three sides of the courtyard where the priests used to live.

St.Barnabas Icon and Archaeology Museum
A very rich collection of icons from 18th century were held at St. Barnabas church. Basalt mill located in the courtyard of the monastery was brought from Enkomi residential zone and other columns and stones were brought from Salamis. Rooms where the priests used to live were renovated and turned into an Archaeology museum. It is possible to see various items that belong to the historical process from Neolithic Period to Roman Period in Cyprus. Also, bronze and marble works are exhibited in the museum.
Enkomi (Alasia)
Ancient Enkomi city which is located near Enkomi (Tuzla) village and also known as Alasia, dates back to BC 2000s. In the excavations it is understood that the city was under Egyptian influence and later influenced by Miken. Surrounded with walls, in this residential zone dead used to be buried in the basement of their houses with their gifts. It was understood that Embrasure plan had been applied to the city design and the first writing came out here. “Horned God Statue” which was regarded as a cult sculpture and bearing the essences of Hittite culture was found here. Also numerous bronze works and copper residues were found indicating that there were coppersmith shops in the city. Being a harbor city in the past, Enkomi city was abandoned and never used again since Pedios (Kanlıdere) river filled the city harbor with alluvium and due to earthquakes and continuous threat of Aka tribe after 12th century.
Kantara Fortress
Being the farthest southern fortress among three fortresses on Kyrinea Mountain Range, located at the altitude of 700 meters, Kantara Fortress was capable of controlling entry to Karpaz Peninsula. It was believed to be built by Byzantine after Arabic raids such as St. Hilarion and Buffavento fortresses, written sources state the fortress for the first time in 1191 when Richard the Lionheart conquered Cyprus. Isaac Comnenus declaring himself as the king of Cyprus with deceit resorts to this fortress when he was defeated by the old Palestinian king Guy De Lusignan which entered Richard’s service. He was captured while attempting escape and taken prisoner in Karpaz region. Name of the fortress is stated in Lusignan and Venetian periods. Those periods were the time of numerous wars. The fortress was kept by the supporters of King Peter I despite Genoese invasion of Nicosia and Famagusta in 1373. Prince John who was the brother of King of Cyprus Peter I, is known to resort to the fortress while he was imprisoned by Genoese. The fortress was surrounded by walls by King James in 1391. When Venetians invaded the island this fortress was also demilitarized and lost its old significance like other fortresses away from the sea. The fortress has sections like defense, soldier rooms, water reservoir, wagon rooms, signal tower.
Sinan Pasha Mosque (St. Peter & St. Paul Church)
Although this building is thought to be built in 1360 by a Syrian tradesman Simone Nostrano as stated on the inscription of its wall, it is known that the church was built by a Nestorian Christian named Simon and the inscription is thought to be false. It was able to withstand the bombardment in 1571 with its strong structure. Northern entrance with a unique stonework was thought to be brought from somewhere else. Interior of the building is rather simple and its ceiling consists of flat head columns. Ottomans started to use the building as a mosque during their reign on the island.
Nestorian Church
This church was built in 1339 by a Syrian tradesman for Syrians who were living in Famagusta. The church is decorated with figures of camels and inscriptions in Syrian as the language used by Nestorians in religious ceremonies. Bell tower and side sections were added afterwards. The entrance is very simple and a beautiful rose window is located on it. Ceiling with a terrace is supported by decorated bends.
Latin St. George Church
It was built by the end of 13th century and is one of the most beautiful examples of Gothic style. It is thought that materials brought from Salamis ruins were used and its architecture was influenced by St. Chapelle church in Paris. It has a nave with five sections and also has a place of chorus. This chorus place and north wall was able to survive until now. Wide and tall windows were used to be decorated with Gothic engraving once upon a time. It is understood from its wall alike structure that the church was built before the walls of the city.

Kyrenia Fortress
Was built in 7th century to protect the city against Arabic raids. It as important as much as Kantara fortress during Lusignan period. In this period some structural changes were made and these works were interrupted with Genoese siege in 1373 and resumed afterwards. Since the defense tactics were based on armored knights and archers at the age while the fortress was built, Venetians who captured the fortress reconstructed the fortress after 1489 considering the Ottoman cannon attacks. Although they tried to take guard by building northwest and southeast towers, they gave the fortress to Ottoman without resistance after the Ottoman victory in Nicosia. Entry to the fortress could be made by passing over a trench.
This trench was filled with water until 1400s. Lusignan emblem with three lions found on vault of the internal door was brought here from another structure. A Byzantine church (St. George church) which is thought to be built during 1100s is located in the fortress. Tomb of Algerian Sadık Pasha who was an Ottoman Admiral killed in the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1570. Other sections of the fortress are northwest, southwest and southeast Venetian towers, Lusignan period guardhouse, Lusignan period grand hall, various rooms used as dungeons and storerooms, Byzantine period tower, Venetian defense platform, cistern, Venetian period armory and cannon embrasures and shipwreck museum. In the near time an open air museum atmosphere is planned to be created in the Fortress by carrying out several historical works and site animations thorough studies of Antiques Department.
Anthipanitis Church
Is an important part of an old monastery. Its architectural style is a rarity in Cyprus. Its dome was placed on round columns forming an octagon. Round arched structure and entrance arm added in 15th century, it is one of the most precise stonework examples of the Gothic style. Some of the frescos surviving until now are original and some of them are from 15th century. On the original frescos figure of Mary with her child on her chest between Archangel Gabriel and Michael. On some frescos figure of Gabriel and St. Anthony and baptize scene, figures of St. Eudoksia and St.Paul were illustrated. On the figure from 15th century portraying the thorn on the dome, Jesus was portrayed to be in the middle of a medallion surrounded by angels having Mary on one side and John the Baptist on the other side. Also twelve apostles and prophets were portrayed in the scene.
Shipwreck Museum
The ship which is exhibited in the Shipwreck Museum located in Kyrenia Fortress is known to be the oldest ship revealed until now. It belongs to period of Hellenistic kingdoms in Mediterranean established upon death of Alexandria. It was first discovered by a sponger in 1965 at the depth of 3 meters and was surfaced by the researchers of Pennsylvania University. Tests carried out on almond residues in the wreck show the year of BC 288 and tests made on the timbers show the year of BC 389. And this shows that the ship was about eighty years old when sunk. Hull of the ship which is 15 meters long was built of Aleppo pine. In order to provide protection against Mediterranean woodworm it was coated with a protective material. Around 400 amphora found in the ship was believed to be loaded in Rhodes. Also, 29 basalt millstones made in Kos were found. It is understood from the remains that the ship made trade in Mediterranean and Aegean shores before directing to the island and main food source of the ship crew was almond. No human skeletons were found in the ship.
Icon Museum
Former Archangelos Church is used as an icon museum where icons collected from Kyrenea and its surrounding are exhibited. Bell tower of the church was added twenty five years later after construction of the church in 1860 and this bell tower can be seen almost from everywhere in Kyrenia.

St. Hilarion Fortress
It is one of the fortresses like Buffavento and Kantara fortresses which were built to withstand Arabic raids on the island. Name of the fortress derives from a saint named Hilarion. A monastery and a church was built here in 10th century. Name of the fortress was firstly mentioned in records dating back 1191. Although it had an active and strategic significance once in time, later it served as a summer resort and resting place for Lusignan nobles. It lost its significance and function like Kantara and Buffavento fortresses upon invention of weapons with fire power and defending shorelines being more important.
The fortress consists in three separate sections. Defense section protecting the main entrance was reinforced by Byzantine in 11th century. Lower section was used for horses and soldiers. Royal palace, kitchen and church were located on the top section. Water reservoir was contained in this section. There is a Lusignan gate on the upper entrance of the fortress. There was a courtyard between two peak points. Nobles used to live in the eastern section, kitchen and other daily rooms were located in the western section. The panoramic landscape which can be viewed from the Queen’s window (with Gothic engravings) on the second floor of the royal residence is spectacular. Prince John tower is located on the peak point.
Bellapais Monastery
Being one of the unique examples of Gothic art, the monastery was established on the skirts of Five Fingers mountain range. Its name was derived from the phrase “Abbaye de la Paix” which means “Monastery of Peace”. First residents of the monastery were priests of Augustinian sect migrating from Jerusalem in 1187. Construction of the first monastery building was between 1198 – 1205. Most of the building which is seen today was built by the King of France Hugh III (1267 – 1284). Porticos surrounding the courtyard and dining saloon was built in the period of King Hugh IV (1324 – 1359). When Cyprus was taken by Ottomans the monastery was given to Greek Orthodox Church. The church next to the courtyard is the part of monastery which is in the best state. Italian frescos on the front face were built in 15th century. Two marble tombs in the courtyard were used as a wash basin by priests once in the past. Emblems of Jerusalem, Lusignan and Cyprus kingdoms were placed on the gate at the back of the tombs. Dining saloon of the monastery is one of the unique examples of Gothic art. On the south of the middle courtyard offices of priests and council rooms were located. The column in the middle of the council room was thought to belong to early period Byzantine church. Bedrooms and treasure room was located on the upper floor.
Buffavento Fortress
Situated on Kyrenia Mountain Range at 950 meters altitude and it is a part of the defense line like St. Hilarion and Kantara fortresses established against the attacks of Arabs. The fortress was used as a prison in Lusignan period (1192 – 1489) and it was known as “Chateau du Lion”. Since the castles in the coastal town gained importance for defending the island during Venetian period Buffavento Fortress was neglected. The fortress consists of two sections as Lower and Upper Fortress. The lower Castle has an entrance with arch. Rooms across the entrance were used for storing supplies and some of them were used as dormitories. A cistern was built under the rooms. Red brick workmanship of the door and room arches of the upper castle is Byzantine style. There are very little remains from the church located here. Meaning of Buffavento is “buffeted by the wind”. Beauty of Troodos Mountains and Nicosia is seen from the castle.
First settlers of Lambousa are known to arrive from Greece in BC 13th century and Phoenicians took control of the region in BC 8th century. In Roman and Byzantine period an elegant lifestyle is prevalent. Examples of civil architecture such as theater and gymnasium were built in t he city. This period of prosperity has ended as a result of Arabic raids occurred in AD 7th century. Walls, sepulchers and fish ponds are among important remains. Fish ponds were excavated during the Roman period and equipped with channels to permit entry of clean water and discharge of hot and contaminated water. Findings of Lambousa were discovered in the two stage excavations commenced in 1900′s and there are valuable items such as numerous plates and spoons among them, however, most of these items are now exhibited in the museums of the cities of foreign countries such as New York and London. These treasures were thought to be buried in the soil during raid of Arabic pirates. Most of the works are thought to be built during years 627 – 630 since they bear the Empire’s seal.
Lodge of Ömer
Tombs of Ömer and his friends who were martyrized in Arabic raids in 7th century, during the reign of Umayyad Caliph Muavia are located here. Lodge and prayer room building was built by Ottomans.
Monastery of Sourp Magar
Was first established in AD 1000s as a Coptic monastery and dedicated to St. Makarios who was an Alexandrian saint. It is also referred to as St. Mary Monastery. Given to the control of the Armenian Church in the beginning of 15th century, the monastery became a waypoint – a second pilgrimage point – for Armenian pilgrims on their route to Jerusalem in time. It carried out such function until 1974. It was used as a summer resort by the Armenian community living in Nicosia. Current remains are from 19th century. A scripture in Armenian was found on its walls.
Vrysi (Çatalköy)
It was a settlement in Neolithic period. It is understood from the excavations that the settlement was established by people coming from Cilicia region of Anatolia between years BC 4000-3000. Excavations also indicate that the economy of the period relied on agriculture. It is understood that earthenware is handmade. Dwellings are interconnected with narrow passages. Walls are built of stone and mud and their interior is covered with mud, the roofs are made of reeds and covered with mud and clay. Straw mats made of reeds were used for flooring. After an earthquake in BC 3000s, people of Vrysi left here and migrated somewhere else.
Necropolis of Karmi
Tombs dating back Middle Bronze age, in the shape of rooms were discovered during the archaeological excavations near Karmi village. Human figure in the corridor of one of these tombs is accepted as the oldest human figure found in the explorations on the island. The figure symbolizes the goddess of fertility. Blue porcelain beads were discovered as a gift to the dead, pots brought from Crete belonging to Minos civilization were also found. It is thought that these items may belong to the sailors working on the vessels in Lapithos. These data can be regarded as an indicator of commercial relationships with neighboring countries on the island during the Bronze Age.

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